Money
Unit Price & Total Cost
The price of one item is the unit price. To find the total cost, multiply the unit price by the quantity: 6 pens at ₹15 each cost 6 × ₹15 = ₹90.
To find the unit price from a total, divide: ₹100 for 5 items means ₹100 ÷ 5 = ₹20 each.
Example 1: Find the cost of 4 pens at ₹12 each.
4 × 12 = ₹48.
Example 2: 3 toys cost ₹150 in total. What is the price of one toy?
150 ÷ 3 = ₹50.
Quick recap
- Total cost = unit price × quantity.
- Unit price = total cost ÷ quantity.
✓ Quick check
What is the cost of 5 books at ₹40 each?
5 × 40 = ₹200.
₹120 is paid for 4 toys. What is the price of one toy?
120 ÷ 4 = ₹30.
Profit & Loss (Basic)
The price a shopkeeper pays is the cost price (CP) and the price they sell at is the selling price (SP). If SP is more than CP, there is a profit = SP − CP. If SP is less than CP, there is a loss = CP − SP.
Example 1: An item is bought for ₹50 and sold for ₹65. Profit or loss?
SP > CP, so profit = 65 − 50 = ₹15.
Example 2: An item is bought for ₹80 and sold for ₹70. Profit or loss?
SP < CP, so loss = 80 − 70 = ₹10.
Quick recap
- Profit = SP − CP (when SP is more).
- Loss = CP − SP (when SP is less).
✓ Quick check
A toy is bought for ₹100 and sold for ₹120. What is the profit?
Profit = 120 − 100 = ₹20.
A bag is bought for ₹200 and sold for ₹180. What is the loss?
Loss = 200 − 180 = ₹20.
Bills, Change & Budget
A bill is the total of all item costs. The change is the money paid minus the bill. A budget is the money you plan to spend — subtract what you spend to see what is left.
Example 1: Items cost ₹45, ₹30 and ₹25. You pay ₹200. What is the change?
Bill = 45 + 30 + 25 = ₹100; change = 200 − 100 = ₹100.
Example 2: Your budget is ₹500 and you spend ₹350. How much is left?
500 − 350 = ₹150.
Quick recap
- Bill = sum of all item costs.
- Change = amount paid − bill; budget left = budget − spent.
✓ Quick check
A bill is ₹125 + ₹75. You pay ₹500. What is the change?
Bill = ₹200; change = 500 − 200 = ₹300.
Your budget is ₹1,000 and you spend ₹650. How much is left?
1,000 − 650 = ₹350.
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