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Addition & Subtraction — 25-Question Test
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Key Concepts — Quick Reference
This chapter
Carrying and borrowing (regrouping)
| Carry-over (addition) | Column sum 10 or more: write the ones digit, carry the ten to the next column. |
|---|---|
| Borrowing (subtraction) | Top digit smaller: take 1 from the left column (=10 here), reduce that column by 1. |
| Borrowing across a 0 | No tens to borrow? Take from hundreds first: 4 hundreds, 0 tens becomes 3 hundreds, 10 tens. |
| Check by inverse | Difference + Subtrahend = Minuend, and Sum - one addend = the other addend. |
Estimation and the number line
| Round to nearest 10 | Ones digit 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less stays; ones becomes 0. |
|---|---|
| Round to nearest 100 | Tens digit 50 or more rounds up, 49 or less stays; tens and ones become 0. |
| Front-end estimation | Use leading digits only: 432 + 289 is about 400 + 200 = 600. |
| Number-line jumps | Add by jumping right, subtract by jumping left; bridge through the nearest ten. |