Logical Reasoning
Patterns, Series, Analogy & Classification
In a series, find the rule (add, multiply, squares) and give the next term. In an analogy, work out how the first pair is related and match it. In classification (odd one out), find the one that does not belong.
Example 1: Find the next number: 2, 4, 8, 16, ___
Each term doubles, so the next is 32.
Example 2: Complete the analogy: cat : kitten :: dog : ___
Puppy — a young dog.
Quick recap
- Series: find the rule, then the next term.
- Analogy: match the relationship; classification: find the odd one out.
✓ Quick check
Find the next number: 3, 6, 9, 12, ___ ?
The rule is +3, so 12 + 3 = 15.
Which is the odd one out: 2, 4, 6, 7?
7 is odd; the others are even.
Coding-Decoding
In coding-decoding, letters or numbers are changed by a rule. One common rule shifts each letter forward by one (A→B, B→C). Another uses position values (A = 1, B = 2, …, Z = 26). Apply the rule to code or decode a word.
Example 1: If each letter moves forward by 1, what is the code for CAT?
C→D, A→B, T→U, so DBU.
Example 2: If A = 1, B = 2, …, what number is E?
E is the 5th letter, so 5.
Quick recap
- Find the coding rule (shift letters or use position values).
- Apply the same rule to code or decode.
✓ Quick check
If each letter moves forward by 1, the code for CAT is ___ ?
C→D, A→B, T→U gives DBU.
If A = 1, B = 2, …, Z = 26, then E = ___ ?
E is the 5th letter, so 5.
Direction Sense, Blood Relations & Venn Diagrams
For direction sense, picture the compass: North, East, South, West clockwise. Turning right from North faces East. For blood relations, work out the family link step by step. A Venn diagram uses overlapping circles, where the overlap shows things that belong to both groups.
Example 1: Facing North, you turn right. Which way do you now face?
East.
Example 2: Your mother's brother is your ___ ?
Uncle.
Quick recap
- Compass clockwise: North, East, South, West.
- In a Venn diagram, the overlap belongs to both groups.
✓ Quick check
Facing East, you turn right. Which way do you now face?
Turning right from East faces South.
Your father's father is your ___ ?
Your father's father is your grandfather.
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