General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
Class 12 Chemistry General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements — minerals and ores, concentration (froth flotation, leaching), calcination, roasting, reduction, the Ellingham diagram, thermite, and refining of Fe, Al, Cu and Zn with solved NCERT examples.
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Occurrence & Concentration of Ores
Metals rarely occur free in nature. Only the least reactive metals — gold, platinum and sometimes silver and copper — are found as native (free) eleme…
Start this topic → 2Extraction of Metals
After concentration, the ore is converted into the metal oxide , because oxides are the easiest to reduce. Two thermal processes do this. Calcination …
Start this topic → 3Refining & Thermodynamics
The crude metal obtained after reduction still contains impurities; refining raises it to commercial purity, the method depending on the metal and its…
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40 marks • 90 min • with answer key