Statistics • Topic 3 of 3

Measures of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data

What are Measures of Central Tendency?

Measures of central tendency are single values that describe the "center" or "typical value" of a data set. The three main measures are mean, median, and mode.

Mean (Average):

  • Sum of all values divided by the number of values
  • Formula: \(\bar{x} = \frac{\text{Sum of all observations}}{\text{Number of observations}}\)
  • Most commonly used measure

Median (Middle Value):

  • The middle value when data is arranged in order
  • For odd number of observations: middle value
  • For even number of observations: average of two middle values
  • Not affected by extreme values (outliers)

Mode (Most Frequent):

  • The value that occurs most frequently
  • A data set can have one mode (unimodal), two modes (bimodal), or no mode
  • Useful for categorical data

Comparison of Measures:

MeasureBest Used WhenAffected by Outliers?
MedianData has outliers or is skewedNo
ModeData is categorical or has repeated valuesNo
Bar Graph & HistogramBar Graph (Discrete Data)Math80Sci65Eng90Art50ScoreHistogram (Continuous Data)30-4040-5050-6060-7070-80Bar Graph: gaps between bars (discrete categories)Histogram: NO gaps (continuous data, class intervals)Area of each bar = Frequency × Class width
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Worked Example

Solve a standard problem on Measures of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data.

Solution

Apply the formula/method shown in the concept section above.

Key Points

  • Understand the definition and properties of Measures of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data.
  • Study the worked examples and practice similar problems.
  • Always verify your answer using the original conditions.
Tap an option to check your answer0 / 4
Q1.The mean equals:
Explanation: Sum over count.
Q2.The median is the:
Explanation: Middle value.
Q3.The mode is the value that occurs:
Explanation: Most frequent.
Q4.The mean of $2, 4, 6$ is:
Explanation: $12/3=4$.