Mathematics & Its Pedagogy

Data Handling & Probability (VI–VIII)

Mathematics & Pedagogy Paper II 4 topics

What this chapter covers

The 4 topics below make up Data Handling & Probability (VI–VIII) in the CTET syllabus. Open any topic for notes, solved examples and a practice MCQ test.

1Organising & Representing Data

2Bar Graphs, Pie Charts & Histograms

3Mean, Median & Mode

4Introduction to Probability

Study material & tests

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Concept notes, key points, solved examples and hint-guided practice for every topic.

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🎯 Topic MCQ tests

8 auto-graded CTET-style questions per topic, with full explanations.

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📝 Chapter test

25 fresh mixed-difficulty questions, timed, with solutions.

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Key Concepts — Quick Reference

This chapter

Measures of central tendency

Mean (average)	Mean = (sum of all observations) ÷ (number of observations)
Median	Order the data; middle value. If n is even, mean of the two middle values
Mode	The observation that occurs most often (a data set can have more than one mode)
Range	Range = highest value − lowest value

Probability & pie charts

Probability of an event	P(E) = (number of favourable outcomes) ÷ (total number of outcomes)
Probability range	0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1 · impossible = 0, certain = 1
Sum of all probabilities	P(E) + P(not E) = 1
Pie-chart angle	Angle of a sector = (value ÷ total) × 360°