Social Studies & Its Pedagogy
Geography — Earth, Environment & Resources
Social Studies & Pedagogy
Paper II
4 topics
What this chapter covers
The 4 topics below make up Geography — Earth, Environment & Resources in the CTET syllabus. Open any topic for notes, solved examples and a practice MCQ test.
1Planet Earth & the Globe
2Air, Water & Natural Environment
3Human Environment & Settlement
4Resources & Agriculture
Study material & tests
📚 Study this chapter
Concept notes, key points, solved examples and hint-guided practice for every topic.
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🎯 Topic MCQ tests
8 auto-graded CTET-style questions per topic, with full explanations.
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📝 Chapter test
25 fresh mixed-difficulty questions, timed, with solutions.
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Key Concepts — Quick Reference
This chapter
Earth facts to remember cold
| Earth's shape | Geoid - slightly flattened at the poles, bulging at the Equator |
|---|---|
| Rotation | Spins west to east on its axis in ~24 hours -> causes day and night |
| Revolution | Orbits the Sun in ~365.25 days; axial tilt 23.5 degrees -> causes seasons |
| Equator | 0 degrees latitude; divides Earth into Northern & Southern Hemispheres |
| Prime Meridian | 0 degrees longitude; passes through Greenwich (London) |
| IST | Indian Standard Time is fixed on 82.5 degrees E longitude |
Environment & resources facts
| Atmosphere layers | Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere (bottom to top) |
|---|---|
| Air composition | Nitrogen ~78%, Oxygen ~21%, others (CO2, argon, etc.) ~1% |
| Water distribution | About 71% of Earth is water; ~97% is salty ocean water |
| Four major landforms | Mountains, Plateaus, Plains (and the broader category of valleys/basins) |
| Renewable resource | Replenishes naturally (solar, wind, water); Non-renewable is finite (coal, petroleum) |