2D Mensuration • Topic 1 of 3

Triangle & Quadrilateral Area

The right area formula depends entirely on what you are given. Base and height ⇒ ½bh. Three sides ⇒ Heron’s formula with s = (a+b+c)/2, Area = √[s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)]. Two sides and the angle between them ⇒ ½ab·sinC, which is the fastest route whenever a 30°, 45°, 60° or 90° angle appears. For the equilateral triangle memorise Area = (√3/4)a² and height = (√3/2)a outright. Quadrilaterals reduce to known pieces: a parallelogram is base × height, a rhombus is ½·d₁·d₂ (half the product of diagonals), a trapezium is ½(a+b)·h where a and b are the parallel sides, and any irregular quadrilateral can be split along a diagonal into two triangles. A CAT favourite is the 3-4-5 / 5-12-13 / 8-15-17 right triangle hiding inside a larger figure — spot the Pythagorean triple and the height appears for free.

✅ Solved examples

1. Find the area of a triangle with sides 13, 14, 15 cm.
s = (13+14+15)/2 = 21. Area = √[21·8·7·6] = √7056 = 84 cm². (The classic Heron triple.)
2. Two sides of a triangle are 8 cm and 10 cm with a 30° included angle. Find the area.
Area = ½ × 8 × 10 × sin30° = ½ × 80 × ½ = 20 cm².
3. Find the area of an equilateral triangle of side 6 cm.
Area = (√3/4) × 6² = (√3/4) × 36 = 9√3 ≈ 15.59 cm².
4. A rhombus has diagonals 16 cm and 12 cm. Find its area and side.
Area = ½ × 16 × 12 = 96 cm². Half-diagonals 8 and 6 give side = √(8²+6²) = 10 cm.

✏️ Practice — try these, take hints as needed

1. Area of a triangle with base 18 cm and height 9 cm?
Use ½bh.
½ × 18 × 9.
9 × 9.
81 cm²
2. Area of a triangle with sides 5, 5, 6 cm?
s = 8.
√[8·3·3·2].
√144.
12 cm²
3. Two sides 12 and 6, included angle 90°. Area?
½ab·sinC.
sin90° = 1.
½ × 12 × 6.
36 cm²
4. Area of an equilateral triangle of side 10 cm?
(√3/4)a².
a² = 100.
25√3.
25√3 ≈ 43.3 cm²
5. A trapezium has parallel sides 14 and 10 cm and height 8 cm. Area?
½(a+b)h.
½ × 24 × 8.
12 × 8.
96 cm²

📝 Topic test — 8 questions

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