Perfect Cubes • Topic 2 of 2

Sum of Cubes

The headline identity is that the sum of the first n cubes equals the square of the sum of the first n natural numbers: 1³ + 2³ + … + n³ = [n(n+1)/2]². In other words it is the square of the nth triangular number. So summing 1³ to 10³ is just (10×11/2)² = 55² = 3025 — no cubing needed. CAT loves this because it collapses a frightening-looking sum into one square. Two corollaries are worth memorising. First, the sum of the first n cubes is always a perfect square. Second, a partial sum from (m+1)³ to n³ is the difference of two such squares, [n(n+1)/2]² − [m(m+1)/2]². The algebraic identities a³ + b³ = (a+b)(a² − ab + b²) and, when a+b+c = 0, a³ + b³ + c³ = 3abc round out the toolkit for factor-style questions, where recognising a cube structure turns a hard expression into a quick product.

✅ Solved examples

1. Find 1³ + 2³ + 3³ + … + 12³.
Use [n(n+1)/2]² with n = 12: (12×13/2)² = 78² = 6084.
2. Evaluate 6³ + 7³ + 8³ + 9³ + 10³.
Sum to 10 minus sum to 5. Sum to 10 = 55² = 3025. Sum to 5 = (5×6/2)² = 15² = 225. Difference = 3025 − 225 = 2800.
3. If 1³ + 2³ + … + n³ = 2025, find n.
[n(n+1)/2]² = 2025 ⇒ n(n+1)/2 = 45 ⇒ n(n+1) = 90 ⇒ n = 9 (since 9×10 = 90).
4. Use a³ + b³ + c³ = 3abc to evaluate 13³ + 7³ + (−20)³.
Here 13 + 7 + (−20) = 0, so the sum equals 3abc = 3 × 13 × 7 × (−20) = −5460.

✏️ Practice — try these, take hints as needed

1. Find 1³ + 2³ + … + 8³.
Use [n(n+1)/2]².
n(n+1)/2 = 8×9/2 = 36.
Square it.
1296
2. Find 1³ + 2³ + … + 15³.
n = 15.
Triangular number = 15×16/2 = 120.
120².
14400
3. Evaluate 11³ + 12³ + … + 20³.
Sum to 20 minus sum to 10.
Sum to 20 = 210² ; sum to 10 = 55².
44100 − 3025.
41075
4. If 1³ + 2³ + … + n³ = 3025, find n.
Take the square root: 55.
n(n+1)/2 = 55.
n(n+1) = 110.
10
5. Evaluate 9³ + 5³ + (−14)³ using the a+b+c=0 identity.
Check 9 + 5 − 14 = 0.
Sum = 3abc.
3 × 9 × 5 × (−14).
−1890

📝 Topic test — 8 questions

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